第三章冠词和数词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

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【简介】感谢网友“l韵业”参与投稿，以下是小编整理的第三章冠词和数词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)（共15篇），欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。

篇1：第三章冠词和数词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第三章冠词和数词

冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节知识点概述

一、冠词

（一）不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前，如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一）数词的词形

（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。

（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。

（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。

（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.

（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别说明例词或例句

分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比百分比由基数词+percent组成（ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大。

加、减、乘、除四则运算用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17，读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ，读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30，读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5，读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

【解析】 hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour“每小时”；a表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明属哪类人。译文：星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

【解析】注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知，third one表示再吃一个，所以填a；second one表示所吃的第二个，所以填the。这句话的意思是：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为他吃的第二个太小了。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

【解析】在million，hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数，例如：表示“数百万”，英语为millions of。译文：每天，世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

【解析】分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数，所以谓语动词要用is covered。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

【解析】 at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”，crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数)，又非特指，不能用the。此处是泛指，前面要用不定冠词a。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章冠词和数词

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节知识点概述

一、冠词

（一）不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前，如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一）数词的词形

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别说明例词或例句

分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比百分比由基数词+percent组成（ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大。

加、减、乘、除四则运算用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17，读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ，读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30，读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5，读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章冠词和数词

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节知识点概述

一、冠词

（一）不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前，如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一）数词的词形

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别说明例词或例句

分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比百分比由基数词+percent组成（ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大。

加、减、乘、除四则运算用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17，读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ，读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30，读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5，读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.

例如:several hundred students watched the match.

4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.

例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.

She bought dozens of eggs last week.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the

答案为C。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. / B. the C. a D. one

答案为C。

【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. / B. a C. the D. one

答案为C 。

【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a

答案为C。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a B. one C. the D. his

答案为C。

【解析】伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million

答案为A。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are

答案为C。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

答案为B。

【解析】表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/

答案为A。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of

答案为A。

【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.

A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/

2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.

A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a

3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____ silence.

A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../

4. -By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?

-Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.

A. the B. an C. a D. /

5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.

A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../

6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.

A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18

7. -What date is it?

-It’s _______.

A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen

8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.

A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street

C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103

9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.

A. two and half a B. two and a half

C. half and two D. two a half.

10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../

11.China is _______ larger than the United States.

A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths

12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.

A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples

C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples

13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.

A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine

14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.

A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words

C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word

15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.

A. three B. the three C. third D. the third

16. Would you like to try _______ time?

A. two B. second C. a two D. a second

17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.

A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of

18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.

A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred

19. _______ is a happy time for _______.

A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children

C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children

20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.

A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870

21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.

A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one first

22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.

A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths

23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.

A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth

24. -How deep is the hole?

-It is _____.

A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep

25. _____ books must be produced for the children.

A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand

26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.

A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first

27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ _ better understanding of ____ _ life.

A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../

28. -I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.

-Yes, ____ _ news came as ____ _ shock to us.

A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a

29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ____ _ major concern of the country.

A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../

30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.

A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/

31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.

A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the

32. -Where is my blue shirt?

-It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.

A. any B. the C. a D. other

33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.

A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../

34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.

A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the

35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.

A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the

36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.

A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the

37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.

A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/

38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .

A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/

39. We stood at the top of the mountain ______ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.

A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the

40. -Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.

-It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.

A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the

41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.

A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one

42. -What do you think of the director of the film?

-Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.

A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/

43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.

A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/

44. -Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?

-There’s one of _______ end of the street.

A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an

45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.

A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the

46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.

A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the

47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.

A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/

48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.

A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the

49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.

A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/

50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.

A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the

第三章冠词和数词

数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。

高考重点要求：

一、冠词

1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法

2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置

3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法

二、数词

1、掌握基数词、序数词构成

2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法

3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法

第一节知识点概述

一、冠词

（一）不定冠词

不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：

辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man

元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera

值得注意的是：

1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。

2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。

3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。

不定冠词的用法如下：

1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

A dictionary is a useful book.

An underground train can start and stop quickly.

2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：

This is a book.

He used to be an engineer.

3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：

A boy is waiting for me.

Give me a pen, please.

4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：

Behind the house there is a garden.

once a week.

5．用于某些固定词组中，如：

（二）定冠词

定冠词的用法如下：

1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：

Open the door, please.

Go and close the window.

2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：

The girl in red is my sister.

The man over there is our English teacher.

The book on the desk is mine.

3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：

Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.

4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

He won the first prize.

The sun rises in the east.

5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物，如：

the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded

6．用在某些专用名词前，如：

the Great Wall

the People’s Republic of China

the United Nations

the Netherlands

7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：

the North China Plain

the Rocky Mountains

the Yangtse River

8．在一些用语中，如：

in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time

（三）不用冠词的情况

1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等

China, Beihai Park

2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：

The letter is from my father.

I have a book in my hand.

3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：

Horses are useful animals.

I like cakes.

4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is Sunday.

Spring is the best season in the year.

Children’s Day

5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：

go to school , be in hospital, be in prison

6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:

I like to play basketball.

We have lunch at school.

二、数词

（一）数词的词形

（二）使用基数词的情况

（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)

（2）电话号码（62083338）

（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)

（4）货币 (100 dollars)

（5）度量 (50 kilos)

（6）小数 (2.5 meters)

（三）使用序数词的情况

（1）第几

（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)

（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法

类别说明例词或例句

分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。 1/2 读作 a (one) half

1/3 读作 a (one) third

1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth

4/5 读作four fifths

4 2/3 读作four and two thirds

Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）

小数小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero. 0.7 读作zero point seven

25.25 读作twenty-five point two five

百分比百分比由基数词+percent组成（ % ） 2% 读作two percent

44% 读作forty-four percent

100% 读作one hundred percent

More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。

倍数 (1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as

(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than

(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词) This room is three times as large as that one .

This room is two times larger than that one.

This room is three times the size of that one .

注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。

汉译表达：

这间房是那间房的三倍大。

加、减、乘、除四则运算用基数词表示

加号用plus / and

减号用minus

乘号用times

除号用divided by 9+8=17，读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.

11-5=6 ，读作 Eleven minus five is six.

6×5=30，读作 Six times five is thirty.

35÷7=5，读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。

The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。

2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。

3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一

篇2：数词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

数词

1. dozen , score

2. in the (early/ late)nineties / in the 1990s/ in the 90’s 在九十年代

in one’s (early/ late)nineties 在某人九十多岁

3. 分数的表达法:

1/2 a half/ one half 1/4 a/ one quarter

3/4 three fourths / three quarters 3 1/4 three and on quarter

4. nine ----ninth / ninety

four---- fourth/ forty (第九四十有变化)

5. 小数的读法

0.4 zero point four / point four 10.23 ten point two three

1.03 one point o three

1.03 meters/ 0.5 meter

6. 百分数的读法

50% fifty percent (percent 无复数形式)

7. 加减乘除法

① 加用 plus, and , add 等于用is , make, equal, 提问用how much,

② 减用minus , take from

③ 乘用 time , multiply

④ 除用 divide 的过去分词表示

注意: 加,乘的谓语单复皆可, 而减，除的谓语用单数.

Two and three is equal to five=Two and three make five.= Two added to three equals five.

Take 6 from ten and the remainder is four. = Six taken from ten is four.

Multiply three by four, we get twelve.= The multiplied by four makes 12.

Sixteen divided by four is / equals/ makes four.

主谓一致

1. 一些固定不变的名词的复数形式

如: crossroads(十字路口), barracks(兵营) , headquarters(总部), means(方法,手段) , species(种类,品种), series(系列), works(工厂)等. 动词的单复数取决于限定词或上下文内容中作者要表达的意思.

2. 以s 结尾的学科名词用单数谓语动词:

economics(经济学), electronics(电子学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学) 等

3. 有些表示成双成对的词,常用复数形式,且谓语动词用复数.如:eyeglasses, pants(裤子), scissors(剪刀), shoes, shorts(短裤), socks(短袜), stockings(长统袜), trousers,等.

4. 集合名词: 强调整体时用单数,强调集体的成员时用复数:如:army , audience(观众), board(委员会), committee(委员会), crew(全体队员,船员,机组人员), crowd(人群), firm(公司), government(政府), group(组群), majority(多数人), minority(少数人), public(公众), staff(全体工作人员), union(联盟)等.

注意: the public 表示公共场所的人时谓语单数或复数都可以.

man(人类), police(警察)只能做复数名词使用,谓语只能用复数.

5. 表示人名,地名,国家名等专有名词或不可数名词的谓语一律用单数.

6. 注意一些名词的特殊复数形式: phenomenon-phenomena(现象), goose-geese(鹅肉), mouse-mice(老鼠), 等

7. 不定代词或every 加名词做主语: every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything,等,在句中做主语,或做限定词限定一个名词或加of时, 谓语用单数.

8. 限定词加名词做主语: all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语取决于他们所修饰的名词.

注意: many a / more than one 是固定搭配, 谓语也用单数.

9. 含有of的短语和介词短语做主语时

① half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most of, --- percent of , some of, five sevenths of , the rest of 等短语的谓语取决于of后的名词.

②a number of 与the number of

10. 就前原则

当主语间由介词with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including , like, but, except等连接时, 其谓语取决于此介词前一个主语.

11. 就近原则

not only---but also , either,--- or, neither---nor, or 等连接多个主语时, 谓语取决于离谓语最近的那个主语.

12. 比较: The singer and the dancer are going to attend our party.

The singer and dancer is going to attend our party.

13. 固定词组: a knife and fork, a cup and saucer(带茶托的茶杯), ice-cream and cake (冰淇淋蛋糕), iron and steel, 不管作复合名词还是形容词, 谓语都用单数.

14. 凡是计量时间,距离,金钱,体积,尺寸等的度量衡作主语时, 位于都用单数, 常见的有:

years, dollars, dozens, miles, length, width等.

15. 数学上的加减乘除的规律是: 加,乘的谓语单复皆可, 而减，除的谓语用单数.

16. 分类词做主语是: form, kind, part, piece, portion, quantity, section, sort, type 等加of形成的短语作主语时,谓语取决于这些词本身的单复数.

The newest types of computer are on show.

17. 动名词和不定式作主语时, 谓语一律用单数.

18. 从句作主语时, 主句的谓语用单数,担当what, all(that),或such引导的句子作主语时谓语要取决于后面的表语.

What they want are some books.

All that the ask for is money.

19. 定语从句的关系代词在从句中充当主语时, 从句的谓语应与先行词保持一致.

She is the only/very one of the students who has passed the examination.

She is one of--- who have ---

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇3：名词` (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

名词

分类说明

名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。

普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience)；不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。

可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式；集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。

不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风)；有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰．如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。

专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。

名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格；表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。

普通格作定语又分三种情况：

1．名词一般用单数形式；

2．clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式；

3．man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。

所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：

1．名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法；

2．of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词；

3．of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。

目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up．I just turned it off，that’s a11．”said the boy．的选项A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty就是考查词汇辨析；如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students．中的选项A．place B．area C．space D．room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。

因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。

回放真题

真题1(甘肃、青海卷28)

The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles．

A，length B．distance C．way D．space

【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度；B是：距离；C是：道路，方法；D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。

真题2(2004湖北卷21)

Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children．

A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance

【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管；B意思是：够得着的地方；C是：空间；D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。

真题3(2004浙江卷28)

-Brad was Jane’s brother!

一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!

A．No doubt B．Above all C．No wonder D．Of course

【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。

真题4(2004上海卷45)

The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment．

A．escape B．absence C．attendance D．appearance

【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除；attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。

真题5(2004上海卷52)

In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality．

A．contact B．contrast C．connection D．conflict

【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。

真题6(2004上海卷53)

Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China．

A．enjoyment B．appreciation C．entertainment D．reputation

【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。

真题7(2004天津卷26)

I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________．

A．reach B．hand C．hold D．place

【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示，掌管；C是：控制，照管；D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。

真题8(2004上海春季卷27)

The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk．

A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four．hours D．a four hours’

【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey；另一种是：a+数词．量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。

真题9(北京卷29)

-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke．1 was very tired．

-There is no ________for this while you are on duty．

A．reason B．excuse C．cause D．explanation

【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解释，与句意不符。

真题10(2003上海卷28)

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them．

A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of

【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多；接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。

真题1l(2003上海卷46)

“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy．

A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty

【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实；而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任；duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。

真题12(2003上海卷50)

One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters．

A．result B．account C．reason D．increase

【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因；账户”；result意为“结果”；reason意为“理由，原因”；increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。

真题13(2003上海卷52)

Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1．

A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures

【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”；mood意为“心境，情绪”；consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。

真题14(2003北京春季卷28)

The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well．

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．thinking

【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法；thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系；thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力；鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。

真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)

If you’re driving to the airport．Can you give me a ________?

A．hand B．seat C．drive D．1ift

【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.

真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)

Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students．

A．place B．area C．space D．room

【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B；space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。

真题17(上海春季卷21)

The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．

A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop

C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’ shop

【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示；其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents．goods．sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。

真题18(2001上海春季卷22)

His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.

A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public

C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public

【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”； the public 意为“公众”

真题19(上海春季卷33)

What he has done is far from _______.

A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇4：第一章名词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第一章名词

表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。

高考重点要求：

1、分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别

2、物质名词和抽象名词数的转化

3、掌握名词的’s 属格，of属格,双重属格

4、名词复数的构成

第一节知识点概述

名词分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：

1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。

2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。

3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。

4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

一、普通名词

普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。

（一）可数名词及其复数形式

（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成

（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs；

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c. 均可,如： handkerchief:

handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

（二）可数名词和不可数名词

英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。

1．可数名词

可数名词一般可以分成以下二类：

第一类：如bike，desk， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例：

There are fifty bikes at this shop．这家商店有50辆自行车。

第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：

She cares for nice clothes．她爱好穿着。

2．不可数名词

不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：

（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：

Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。

（2）由much，little等词修饰。例如：

They have saved much money for future use．他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。

（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：

Go and fetch me a piece of chalk．给我去拿一支粉笔。

要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。

不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：

如： a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水

a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱

a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋

二、专有名词

专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。

（一）人名

英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Mary Smith , George Washington。

（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：

How’s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？

（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：

Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?

（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：

The Turners have gone to America．特纳一家人去美国了。

（二）地名

（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：

Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai

（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：．

Silver Lake；Mount Tai

（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：

the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara

（三）日期名

（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Christmas , National Day

（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Sunday , Tuesday

（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：

April , December

三、名词所有格

名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加’s构成；另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：

Children’s Palace 少年宫

Tom’s bike 汤姆的自行车

the title of the book 书名

the legs of the table 桌子的腿

（一）所有格形式的构成

（1）单数名词后加’s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：

the girl’s father 女孩的父亲

（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如：

two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行

（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如：

the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日

（4）以s结尾的名词或人名，可以加’s，也可加’号。例如：

Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟

the boss’s handwriting 老板的书写

（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，要分别在各个名词末尾加’s，如：

John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间

若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s，如：

John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间

（二）“’s”所有格的用法

’s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：

（1）表示时间：

today’s newspaper 今天的报纸

（2）表示自然现象：

the moon’s rays 月光

（3）表示国家、城市、机构：

……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业

（4）表示度量衡及价值：

..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值

..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离

（三）“’s”和of所有格所表示的关系

1．表示所有关系

可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：

John’s pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔

不可说：a pen of John

但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用’s也可用of表示。例如：

Mary’s hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手

也可以说：the hands of Mary

2．表示主谓关系

the doctor’s advice（The doctor advised）医生的建议

his mother’s request（His mother requested）他母亲的请求

3．表示动宾关系

the war prisoner’s release 释放战俘

children’s education 年轻一代的教育

4．表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）

the city of Rome罗马城

the city of Pairs巴黎城

第二节实战演

篇5：第二章代词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第二章代词

用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。

高考重点要求：

1、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法

2、定代词的指代含义以及数的情况

3、it的基本用法

第一节知识点概述

一、人称代词

1．人称代词不仅仅指人，也可以指事或物。

2．第三人称的人称代词分阳性he（him），阴性she（her）和中性it（it），复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式they和them，不分性别。

3．选用什么人称代词，取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。

二、物主代词

物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。

物主代词的用法：

（1）形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如：

His pencil box is on the desk.

This is our school.

（2）名词性物主代词作名词用，本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。

作主语：

Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的，我的书包是黑色的。（mine=my school bag）

作表语：

It’s his. 这是他的（东西）。

作宾语：

He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典，你可以借我的。（作及物动词的宾语）

“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调：

He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。

注意：

试比较下面两句句子：

This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。（照片是我拥有的，但不一定照的是我本人）

This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。（照片上是我本人）

三、反身代词

反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。通常在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。

四、指示代词

（一）指示代词是具有指示概念的代词

this 这； that 那； these 这些； those 那些； such 如此的； same 同样的

（二）指示代词的用法

（1）this、that、these、those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。

（2）such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样的”，such a 这样一个，such as 像…这样的。

（3）same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。

例如：

1） That is our English teacher. （主语）

2） This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)

3） I prefer this (these) to that (those). （宾语）

4） What he likes best is this/that. (表语)

5） I have never read such an exciting book. （定语）

6） I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)

7） Such is our trip plan. (主语) （指上文提到过或刚说过的内容）。

8） She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)

9） We were born on the same day. (定语)

注意：

1） this、these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用；that、those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用。

2）打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。

3） such 作定语时，如名词前有不定冠词，应把such置于不定冠词之前。

4）在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。

五、疑问代词

1．Who 用于询问别人姓名，身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。

2．Which 指的物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个；What 指的物无范围限制，侧重于种类。

3．Whose 用于明确所有者。whom 在口语中，多为 who 代替。

六、不定代词

不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词（如：anybody, something, no one）。这些不定代词大多可以代替名词，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词（如somebody等）只能作主语、宾语和表语。而every和no只能作定语。

七、it的用法

（一）作无人称代词

1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如：

It rains continually in the south in June.

It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.

2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如：

Where is my notebook? It was here just now.

There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.

3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。例如：

The baby cried because it was hungry.

Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?

（二）用作强调句，构成强调结构

句型结构：It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如：

It was last night that they left for H.K.

It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.

（三）it作形式主语和形式宾语

it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如：

I found it interesting to study English.

It is of great help to master a foreign language.

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1.不定代词可作主语，当作主语时，要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数，以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。

2.不定代词还可作定语。当作定语时，应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数，以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。

例:Much has been done to fight pollution；each of them has got a present.

3.many, few和both用于可数名词，表示复数概念。

4.All, both和each和含有every的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定。

例：Not all the students have been to the Austrlia.

She can’t work out both of the difficult problems.

Everybody cannot work out the problem.

5.Neither,none和含有no的复合代词表示全部否定。

例:None of us can answer the question.

Neither of the questions is right.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.

A. others B. the other C. either D. another

答案：B

【解析】根据上文neither的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个，所以用the other。这句的意思是：贸易谈判没有取得进展，因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件。

例2、Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we've decided to stay for_________ two weeks.

A. another B. other C. the other D. other's

答案为A。

【解析】 another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two, three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再待两星期。而 other，the other用于两者之间的另一个，other's是other的所有格形式，故B、C、D都不可选。

例3、The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

答案为B。

【解析】 it指代前面提到的单数名词。指同一个事物，此句中指a new house；而one指“同名异物”；which引导定语从句，但题干中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥；A为复数，更易排除。

例4、In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

A. this B. that C. there D. it

答案为D。

【解析】 it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，而选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文：实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序是一项很难的工作。

例5、Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ________?

A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest

答案为D。

【解析】 wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。

例6、If this dictionary is not yours, _______ can it be?

A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who else’s

答案为D。

【解析】考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else's“其他什么人”，用于所有格。

例7、One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.

A. the other is white B. another white

C. the other white D. another is white

答案为C。

【解析】木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的；另一面染成白色的，考查one…the other结构，由此排除B、D；原句结构为“…the other(should be painted)white，为避免重复可省略。

例8、-He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

- _______was in when he was in middle school.

A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This

答案为A。

【解析】用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复；it指代时间。

例9、-Your coffee smells great!

-It's from Mexico. Would you like_________?

A. it B. some C. this D. little

答案为B。

【解析】 some相当于some of this coffee.

例10、Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.

A. some B. any C. that D. those

答案为C。

【解析】这句话的意思是“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能和饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比。”that在句子中代表the pleasure。一些考生只注意到Few pleasures是复数，而没有注意到这里指的是饮一杯冷饮的乐趣，误填了those。注意：使用代词时一定要弄清楚指代关系。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A、B、C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

2. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

3. Playing tricks on others is ____ we should never do.

A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing

4. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood we had.

A. it B. one C. himself D. another

5. I got the story from Tom and ____ people who had worked with him.

A. every other B. many others C. some other D. other than

6. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

7. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute.

A. they B. one C. who D. it

8. -One week’s time has been wasted.

-I can’t believe we did all that work for ____.

A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything

9. If you run after two hares, you will catch ______.

A. none B. neither C. nothing D. no one

10. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ___ to talk to.

A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. on one

11. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ?

A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others

12. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-________ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

13. You must never think that you are good at ______while others are good at ______

A. everything …something else B. everything…nothing

C. all…none D. nothing …all

14. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

15. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ______ he' s done for you.

A. something B. anything C. all D. that

16. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

17. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

18. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

19. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______ .

A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers

20. My mother opened ______of the drawers in turn , trying to decide what he was going to put in ______of them .

A. every…each B. everyone …every

C. every one …everyone D. each …each

21. -He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

-_______was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that…It B. this…This C. this…It D. that….This

22. -You're always working. Come on. Let's go shopping.

-_______ you ever want to do is going shopping.

A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That

23. -Do you want tea or coffee?

-________. I really don't mind.

A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither

24. Some students will remember these terms as the most successful ______in the history of our school.

A. ones B. ones’ C. one D. one’s

25. This new rule may please some, but we don’t expect it to please _____.

A. more B. other C. all D. any

26. No agreement was reached during the peace talk as neither side would give way to _____

A. another B. other C. the other D. any other

27. _____ who laughs last laughs best.

A. He B. One C. That D. Those

28. Children should be taught how to get along with _____

A. another B. other C. others D. an other

29. These plants are watered _____.

A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days

30. -Would you like some wine?

-Yes, just _____.

A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit

31. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help

A. he B. which C. she D. it

32. -Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s ?

-No, but it’s almost the same as _____.

A. her B. yours C. them D. their

33. -Have you finished your report yet?

-No, I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.

A. another B. other C. more D. less

34. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____.

A. it B. those C. them D. one

35. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.

A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing

36. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.

A. some…any B. other…some C. some…other D. other…other

37. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

38. -Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

-I’m afraid _____ day is possible.

A. either B. neither C. some D. any

39. If you want to change for a double room you ‘ll have to pay _____$15.

A. another B. other C. more D. each

40. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?

A. where B. what C. how D. which

41. My brother’s handwriting is better than ______in his class.

A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. anyone’s else’s

42. Some people would rather ride bicycles as bicycle riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.

A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither

43. Both teams were in hard training, ______ was willing to lose the game.

A. either B. neither C. another D. the other

44. His camera is more expensive than _____.

A. hers B. her C. it D. its

45. _____ of my classmates could work out the maths problem because it was too difficult.

A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None

46. _____ have worked together for 10 years.

A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. He, your and I D. You, he and I

47. The machines made in China are as good as _____ imported from abroad.

A. they B. those C. these D. ones

48. Listen to _____. There should be no error, no delay, and no waste.

A. that B. this C. those D. these

49. _____ of them promised to help me.

A. Every one B. Everyone C. Every D. Everybody

50. She thought _____ a great honour to be invited to speak to us.

A. that B. this C. it D. it is

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇6：高三英语复习（名词﹑数词﹑代词﹑冠词） (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)

高三英语复习专题（名词﹑数词﹑代词﹑冠词）

(出题人储珊)

1. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ______.

A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship

2. He gained his ______ by printing _____ of famous writers.

A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works

3. For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move to a warm ____.

A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate

4. I saw Bob play the piano at John’s party and on that _____ he was simply brilliant.

A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation

5.It can’t be a(n) _____ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.

A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance

6. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ______.

A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices

7. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in

personality.

A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict

8. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ___ any end to their influence

on man’s lives.

A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there

9. Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within of little children .

A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance

10. ---Could you find an answer to your problem in the book I gave you?

---I looked at it, but it wasn’t really ______.

A. much used B. able to use C. of useful D. of much use

11. ---Is the house very expensive, Dick?

---I don’t think it’s worth the ______ they are asking.

A. price B. cost C. value D. money

12. ---What would you like to drink?

--- I’d like to have _____, please.

A. a coffee B. small coffee C. little coffee D. a cup coffee

13. I tried every _____ to make him give up smoking, but failed.

A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means

14. Two _____ died of cold last year.

A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people

C. hundreds of old people D. hundred of old people

15. Last year the secretary and treasurer（掌管财政的人） of our club _____ John Poe.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

16. The first three of the five chapters in the book _____ very easy, but the rest _____ difficult.

A. is; are B. are; is C. was; were D. were; were

17. Ten years had passed, I found she had ____.

A. a little white hairs B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs

18. At the bus stop _____ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village.

A. were B. was C. is D. sits

19. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ better understanding of ____ life.

A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a;不填

20. –Do you think all the performances at the evening party are good?

--- Most of them are very good, but _____ could have been better.

A. none B. few C. another D. some

21. --- Did you reach the top of the mountain?

--- Yes. Even myself didn’t believe I could make _____.

A. that B. it C. myself D. them

22. The most important thing about cotton in history is _____ part that it played in _____Industrial Revolution.

A. 不填;不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; the

23.Yasir Arafat, the symbol of _______ Palestinian Revolution for ________ independent state for some 40 years, died on Nov.11 in a Paris hospital.

A. / ; the B. the; the C. / ;an D. the ; an

24. There was ____ time _____ I hated to go to school.

A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when

25. It is reported that the United States uses ______ energy as the whole of Europe.

A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much

26. Dog barking is no unpleasant noise but an auspice ( 吉祥 ) of fortune in ______ ears of Chinese, especially in the coming Year of _____ Dog in the Chinese lunar calendar.

A. a; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; the

27. Although _______ curtain has fallen on the “ Super Girls” contest, ______ nationwide craze for “ Super girls” hasn’t cooled down.

A. a ;the B. the; a C. the; / D. /:; a

28. Such is ______ human nature that many people don’t value ______ things they possess until they’ve lost them.

A. / : / B. / ; the C. the; / D. a; the

29. --- Do you think advertisement is ______ help when you look for a job?

---- Well, it depends. Anyway, it gives me more of _____ chance to try.

A. a ;the B. a; a C. the ;the D. / ; /

30. _____ people in the world are sending information by E-mail every day.

A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Many million

31. Paper produced every year is _____ the world’s production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as

32.Washington was elected ____president in 1787. He was the first president of _____United States.

A. the ; the B. / ; the C. / ; / D. the ; /

33. _____ poet and ______writer was invited to give us a talk the other day.

A. A; a B.The; the C. The; a D. The ; /

34. Mary took Tom by _______ hand and led him into _______ back room .

A. the ; a B; a ; the C. / ; a D . / ; the

35. Paper money was in _____ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____ thirteenth century.

A. the; / B. the; the C. /; the D. /; /

36. Most animals have little connection with ______ animals of _____ different kind unless they kill them for food.

A. the ; a B. / ; a C. the ; the D. / ; the

37. --- What can I do for you?

---I’d like to take ________these tomatoes.

A. two dozen of B. two dozen C. two dozens D. two dozens of

38. The number of the photo copies they produced this year has increased _____ 30% compared with ______ of last year.

A. with ;ones B. to ; those C. by ; that D. of ; it

39. There at the door stood a girl about the same height _____ .

A. as me B. as mine C. with mine D. with me

40. We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ______.

A. none B. either C. any D. each

41.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder , but ______ didn’t help.

A. he B. which C. she D. it

42. Mary learned Chinese for about two years, ______ is, from 1993 to 1995.

A. this B. that C. it D. she

43. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember _______.

A. where B. there C. which D. that

44. Social customs of America are more like ____ of England than of any other country

A. those B. what C. which D. that

45. --- Look at that girl at the stage. She is already fifty.

--- You’re joking. She doesn’t look ______.

A. so B. it C. that D. the one

46.She got _____ job in Manilia Manufacturing Company and gets paid by _____ hour.

A. a; an B. a; the C. a; 不填 D. the; the

47. Correct the mistakes in each line if _______.

A. so B. no C. any D. some

48. ---Some people believed that robots will take over the world one day.

--- What if that is the ______?

A. thing B. result C. case D. end

49. There’s no ______ from my bedroom window except for some factory chimneys.

A. view B. scene C. sight D. look

50. It’s important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the ______ in language studies.

A. situation B. expression C. comprehension D. translation

51. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.

A. it B. one C. himself D. another

52. --- What do you think of the furniture on exhibition?

--- Well, great! But I don’t think much of _____ you bought.

A. the one B. it C. that D. one

53. This is the last copy of David Copperfield of this edition left in our shop. I wonder if you still want to buy _______.

A. this B. it C. one D. any

54. I’ve learned ______, no matter what happens and how bad _____ seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow.

A. that ; it B. it :;that C. it; it D that; that

55. The cruelty of the Germans towards the Jews and _____ of the Japanese towards their prisoners, filled ______ with horror.

A. those; someone B. that ; everyone C. it; on one D. this; anyone

56. --- Is David a man with good manners?

--- I don’t think so. As a matter of fact, he is ______ but polite.

A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything

57. --- I have looked everywhere, but I haven’t found any black ink.

--- Then, I’m afraid there is ______ left.

A. nothing B. no one C. none D. neither

58. It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fizgerald reached _______ highest point.

A. their B. its C. his D. our

59. --- Who knocked at the door?

--- I’ve no idea. I just pretended nobody was at home. So I didn’t ask who ____ was.

A. he B. that C. she D. it

60. The editor-in-chief asked me to write another article for them, _____ about how to stay away from bird flu.

A. any B. one C. that D. each

KEY:

1-5 ADDCA 6-10 CDCBD 11-15 AADBC 16-20 DDADD 21-25 BCDBD 26-30 DBBBA 31-35 BBDAC 36-40 BACBC 41-45 DBCAB 46-50 BCCAA 51-55 BCBAB 56-60 DCBDB

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇7：第十五章词汇 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第十五章词汇

词汇的意义是由一个词汇所处的特定的上下文所决定的。

高考重点要求：

1、熟记《高考英语词汇手册》中列出的单词短语和习惯用法。

2、掌握相当数量的内涵不易搞清或者容易混淆的词汇。

3、注意从逻辑角度辨析词义，注意一词多义掌握常见构词法。

第一节知识点概述

词汇辨析题可以分为几类：

一、近义词和同义词

英语中有大量的近义词和同义词，但它们与其他词的搭配关系不完全一致，有时甚至是大相径庭。在某种场合下它们有时可以换用，但在另外一些场合下它们又不能互换。掌握大量的此类近义词同义词是考试制胜的关键之一。

二、形似词和音似词

英语中有许多词汇外形相似、发音相近或相同，但意义不同，我们应该注意观察，仔细辨清其不同的拼法、读音及含义。

三、短语动词

短语动词是英语中一种使用广泛的重要语言现象，它是由动词和介词或副词连用、表示特定语意的固定结构。正确使用这类短语动词是英语学习的一大难点。

四、具有特定搭配关系的词汇

英语词语的特定搭配是英语学习中的一个重要项目，也是词汇测试的一个重点。为克服受母语影响而产生的错误，我们必须重视学习符合英美人习惯的词语搭配。

五、习语、成语及固定词组

英语中有大量约定俗成的习语、成语及固定词组，它们中有相当一部分往往从字面上猜不出其正确含义。要掌握它们，广泛运用以及记忆背诵是必不可少的。

六、固定结构中的词汇

英语中有些词汇仅用于一些固定结构中，而其他一些同义或近义的词汇则不能替换。学生应熟悉这些固定结构，以提高应试能力。

七、涉及语法现象的词汇

有许多词汇辨析题并不局限于纯粹的词汇意义及搭配的区分，而往往与英语语法有一定的联系。掌握基本的英语语法对正确解答词汇辨析题也起到了至关重要的作用。

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、要注意近义动词在词义上的区别，例如：borrow与lend，send、bring、carry与fetch等。

2、有些近义动词虽然在汉语意思上看不出区别，但要注意它们在含义和使用场合的区别，例如：start与begin，try与manage等。

在记忆词汇时我们不应该孤立地去背单词的中文意思，而要花气力记住单词在句子中的用法，即要记住“be+动词的过去分词+不同介词”的用法

3、平时学习中要多读文章，提高在语境中领悟词语的能力。

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up.

A. eventually B. unfortunately C. generously D. purposefully

答案为A.

【解析】 eventually 最终；unfortunately不幸地；generously慷慨地；purposefully故意地。

例2、The company is starting a new advertising campaign to ____ new customers to its stores.

A. join B. attract C. stick D. transfer

答案为B。

【解析】 attract sb. to…把某人吸引到………地方来。

例3、What he has done is far from ________.

A. satisfying B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

答案为C。

【解析】句中from是介词，后接名词。译文：他所做的事离满意还差得远。satisfactory是形容词，意思是“令人满意的”；satisfied是过去分词，可作为形容词使用，意思是“感到满意的”；satisfy是动词，意思是“使……满意”。

例4、As we joined the big crowd I got_________ from my friends.

A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

答案为A。

【解析】get separated from sb.“与某人分开”；get lost“迷路”；get spared和get missed搭配不合理。译文：由于拥入了一大堆人群中，我和我的朋友被分开了。

例5、We didn't plan our art exhibition like that but it_________ very well.

A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on

答案为A。

【解析】先排除B和D，因为try out(实验)，carry on(实行)与exhibition之间是被动关系；而go on虽有“进行，进展”之意，但这里强调的是计划和结果的关系，work out=turn out“(最后)显得”。译文：我们没有那样计划我们的艺术展览，但结果却很好。此题应为一表结果的短语。

例6、-Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls?

-Yes. They have better players, so I ________them to win.

A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. want

答案为C。

【解析】expect“期望”，此处意思是“我希望他们赢”。hope虽然有“希望”的意思，但后面不接动词不定式作宾补。want的意思是“想”，表示个人的欲望；prefer的意思是“宁愿；更喜欢”，常构成prefer to do sth.; prefer doing sth. to doing sth.; prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.等短语。I prefer them to win.的意思是“我宁愿他们赢。”

例7、Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ________ his boss.

A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports

答案为B。

【解析】satisfy sb.的意思是“使某人满意”。根据句意可知，Nick所做的一切都不能使他的老板满意。

例8、-When shall we start?

-Let's ________ it at 8∶30.Is that all right?

A. set B. meet C. make D. take

答案为C。

【解析】 “make it+时间”的意思是“就定为什么时间吧”。此题译为“把出发的时间定在八点半。set意为“对时间，调时间”。

例9、His mother had thought it would be good for his character to ________ from home and earn some money on his own.

A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away

答案为D。

【解析】on one's own“独立地”；run away from“逃跑”；take way“拿走”。get away from home的意思是“离开家”。译文：他母亲原本认为他离开家自己赚钱对锻炼他的性格有好处。

例10、-Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?

-No,dear. They don't ________ well. Put them in the fridge instead.

A. keep B. fit C. get D. last

答案为A。

【解析】根据句子中两个表示地点的名词cupboard 和fridge 可以看出，是要把peaches保存好，所以要选keep“保存”。fit的意思是“安装”；get的意思是“得到；获得”；last的意思是“持续”，后常接表示时间的词，如：last two hours持续了两小时等。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I work in a business _____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

A. how B. which C. where D. that

2. _____ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.

A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless

3. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _____ I disagree.

A. why B. where C. what D. how

4. Everyone was on time for the meeting _____ Chris, who’s usually ten minutes late for everything.

A. but B. only C. even D. yet

5. They’ve _____ us 150,000 dollars for the house. Shall we take it?

A. provided B. Supplied C. shown D. offered

6. To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train _____ travel by air.

A. as B. to C. than D. while

7. When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _____ suggestions.

A. careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable

8. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.

A. since B. while C. when D. as

9. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have _____ twenty-one already!

A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed

10. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s _____.

A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place

11. -How about eight o’clock outside the cinema?

-That _____ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

12. I don’t mind picking up your things from the store. _____. the walk will do me good.

A. Sooner or later B. Still C. In time D. Besides

13. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

14. A man is being questioned in relation to the _____ murder last night.

A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted

15. -How long are you staying?

-I don’t know. _____.

A. That’s OK B. Never mind C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter

16. It is _____ any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.

A. no B. such C. nearly D. hardly

17. We were told that we should follow the main road _____ we reached the central railway station .

A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever

18. John was late for the business meeting because his flight had been _______by a heavy storm .

A．kept B．stopped C．slowed D．delayed

19. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-_____ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

20. -How do you ______we go to Beijing for our holidays?

-I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A．insist B．want C．suppose D．suggest

21. If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would _____.

A. act B. help C. serve D. last

22. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.

A. While B. Since C. As D. If

23. We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _____.

A. none B. either C. any D. each

24. All the employees except the manager _____ to work online at home.

A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

25. I feel that one of my main duties _____ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.

A. for B. by C. as D. with

26. Mr. Smith used to smoke _____ but he has given it up.

A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly

27. It was evening_____ we reached the little town of Winchester.

A. that B. until C. since D. before

28. You can eat food free in my restaurant _____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

29. They see you as something of a worrier, _____ problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.

A. settling B. discovering C. considering D. designing

30. Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university degree.

A. opportunities B. possibilities C. probabilities D. realities

31. The evening news comes on at Seven o' clock and _____ only thirty minutes.

A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts

32. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

33. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

34. In the _____ of the program being a failure, the producer stands to lose up to one million dollars.

A. face B. course C. time D. event

35. My advisor encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.

A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

36. The famous university is situated on the east ____ of USA.

A. seaside B. shore C. coast D. beach

37. _____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.

A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of

38. _____ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

39. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.

A. when B. while C. since D. once

40. The environmentalists and wild goats’ _____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.

A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance

41. Hospital staff burst into cheers after doctors completed a 20-hour operation to have _______ one-year-old twins at the head.

A. isolated B. separated C. divided D. removed

42. After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself, he ______it into the sea.

A. transported B. unloaded C. released D. handled

43. In _____ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.

A. traditional B. historic C. remote D. initial

44. Some people like dirking coffee, for it has _____ effects.

A. promoting B. stimulating C. enhancing D. encouraging

45. The teacher wrote an example on the blackboard to _____ the point.

A. illustrate B. suggest C. express D. recognize

46. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and _____, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.

A. accidentally B. purposefully C. obviously D. formally

47. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality.

A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict

48. Chinese arts have won the _____ of a lot of people outside China.

A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation

49 Although I can walk about, there is still a _____ pain in my leg.

A. weak B. slight C. tender D. soft

50. -How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?

-That _______ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇8：非谓语动词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

非谓语动词专题

不定式的用法：

1．作主语；不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。

To see is to believe.

It’s right to give up smoking.

2．作表语；My job is to help the patient.

3．作宾语；有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，如：afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, promise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等。

4．作宾补；动词不定式作动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词以及have, let, make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式to符号要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to符号。如：

I often hear him sing the song.

He is often heard to sing the song.

注意：动词不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。另外，在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如；

We could do nothing but wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

5．作定语；1）. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

There is nothing to worry about.

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：

He had no and no place to live.

We found a way to solve this problem.

2）. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send? / Have you anything to be sent?

3）. 不定式作定语的几种情况：

a.作后置定语可表将来：The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.

b.用来修饰被序数词，最高级等限定的中心词：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

c.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, answer, reply, attempt等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English?

I have no chance to go sightseing.

6．作状语；表目的，原因，结果或条件。如：

I came here to see you.(目的)

He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果)

To look at him, you would like him.(条件)

在某些形容词作表语，表示喜，怒，哀，乐后跟不定式表原因。如：

We were very excited to hear the news.

在带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。

He is old enough to go to school.

She is too tired to do the job.

注意：目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示但so as to不能置于句首。

7．作独立成分；如：

To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing about it.

不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。如：

He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)

When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.(主语)

My question was how to get so many books.(表语)

注意句型：Why not do sth.? Why do sth.?

不定式的主动(to do )和被动(to be done)

判断不定式是主动还是被动，关键看不定式中的动词与主句的主语之间的关系，主动即用“to do”，被动即用“to be done”; 如果与主句主语之间没有关系，则看其与逻辑主语之间的关系，如果是被动，则用“to be done”.试比较：

1) I have some clothes to wash, so I can’t go out now.(自己洗衣服)

2) Are you free now? I have some clothes to be washed.（叫别人洗衣服）

3) There are five pairs (for you) to choose from. (暗含主语you)

不定式的时态

to do/to be doing/ to have done

He pretended to be reading a book when she went in. (动作正在进行)

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前)

不定式符号to的保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可以用来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, try以及be glad/happy;would like/love等后。

I have’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

---- Are you on holiday?

---- No, but I’d like to be.

---- I didn’t tell him the news.

---- Oh, you ought to have.

动词-ing形式的用法(过去分词):

1. 动词-ing形式作主语

Seeing is believeing.

Tom’s coming is what we have expected.

-ing或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用-ing作主语

It’s no use/good+doing sth./ It’s of little use/good+doing sth.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is of little good staying up too late every day.

2．动词-ing形式作表语

Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.

3．动词-ing形式作宾语

以下动词或动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, enjoy, imagine, suggest, finish, mind, practise, resist, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, get down to等。

注意：1). 有些动词或动词词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。如：

forget to do/doing; remember; regret; try; mean; stop; go on; can’t help等。

2). 在动词等动词后直接跟动词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：

allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth./ sb to do sth.

3). need, want, require其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。如：

Sth. need/requie/want doing=to be done

Sth. be worth doing

Sth. be worthy of being done=be worthy to be done

4．动词-ing形式作定语（过去分词作定语）

前置定语：He asked an embarrassing queation.

后置定语：A little child learning to walk often falls.

= A little child who learns to walk often falls.

注意：动词-ing和过去分词的区别---现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行，过去分词表示被动含义或动作已经完成。如：

falling leaves/fallen leaves

boiling water/boiled water

a puzzling look/a puzzled look

Those inviting me to attend the meeting are my friends.

=Those who invite me to attend the meeting are my friends.

Those invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries.

=Those who are invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries.

5．动词-ing形式作状语（过去分词作状语）

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，行为方式，伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如：

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

Followed by some officials, the leader inspected his army.

Following their teacher, the students went into the classroom.

Being sick, I stayed at home.

Having finished his homework, he went on to watch TV.

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.

He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.

Not hearing from him, I give him a phone call.

When leaving the airport, they waved to us constantly.

现在分词和过去分词的时态与语态

一般式doing/done

完成式having done/ having been done

进行式being done

否定式是not+分词短语

独立成分作状语

有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

Generally speaking,

Frankly speaking,

Judging from/by,

Considering,

Given,

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇9：第四章形容词和副词 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

第四章形容词和副词

形容词用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。而副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。

高考重点要求：

1、形容词、副词比较级，最高级常用句型

2、形容词的倍数表达法和副词的位置

3、多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序

4、分清常用同义、近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别

第一节知识点概述

一、形容词

（一）形容词在句子中的作用

1．大部分形容词能作定语、表语或宾语补足语, 如：

a beautiful park 一座美丽的公园

The play Tea-house（茶馆）is both moving and interesting.

Who left the window open?

2．“定冠词the + 形容词”表示一类人或物，作“主语或宾语”，意思为“……的一种人”，“……的一类东西或事情”。如：

The new will take the place of the old . （新事物将代替旧事物。）

The young are fond of sports .(年轻人喜欢体育运动。)

3．有些形容词只能作表语如：

ill, glad, asleep, afraid, alive (活着的)，alone(单独的)

4．某些动词加-ed 和 –ing都可构成形容词，加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”，加-ing的形容词则用来描写事物，如：

We were excited when we heard the exciting news.

5．有些名词加后缀可变成形容词，如：lovely, friendly, windy, careful, careless, wooden等

（二）形容词在句子中的位置

1．形容词一般放在被修饰的名词之前。两个或两个以上形容词修饰一个名词时，形容词排列的次序一般应考虑下面二种情况。

（1）与被修饰名词关系比较密切的形容词位置靠近名词，如：an exciting American film

（2）音节少的形容词位置在前，音节多的形容位置在后。

2．在下列情况下，形容词应后置：

（1）修饰复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等，如：anything important, nothing easy

（2）同表示数量的词组连用，如：twenty feet long, five years old

3．几个形容词修饰一名词时，一般顺序为大小（little除外）、形状、色彩、由来、用途。如：

a fine round maple（枫木）writing table,

a famous old English country house

二、副词

（一）副词在句子中的作用

副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词皆由形容词加-ly 构成，如：careful-carefully.

副词主要被分为以下几种：

1．时间副词，如：often，early，usually，now

2．地点副词，如：here，above，outside，below，there

3．方式副词，如：hard，fast，badly，well

4．程度副词，如：very，quite，much，still，even，almost

5．疑问副词，如：how，when，why

（二）副词在句子中的位置

1．时间副词和地点副词的位置

表示确定时间的副词和地点的副词，一般放在句尾，如句中同时有地点副词和时间副词，地点副词通常在前，时间副词在后。

2．修饰形容词和副词的程度副词，除enough后置外，一般放在被修饰词的前面。副词在此作状语。如：

be well enough, go fast enough

3．修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种

（1）修饰不及物动词时，该副词要后置，如：sing well

（2）修饰及物动词时，可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后；如宾语较长也可放在动词和宾语之间。如：study English hard，see clearly the words on the blackboard

（3）及物动词和副词（如：down，on，off，in，out，up等）组成的动词词组，其宾语是名词，该名词可放在副词之前或之后：如是代词，该代词一定要放在副词前。

He cut down the tree. / He cut the tree down. / He cut it down.

4. 形容词原级、比较级和最高级的用法：

（1）两者比较情况一样，常用“as+形容词原级+as”句型。

He is as tall as his monitor .

（2）两者比较，表示一方在某方面不如另一方，常用“not so /as +形容词原级+as”句型。

A train doesn’t travel so fast as a plane .

（3）三者或三者以上比较，表示某人某物“最……”时，用“the+形容词最高级+比较范围”句型。

Asia is by far the largest of the seven continents .

She writes (the) most carefully of the three .

（4）比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”

It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.

She is becoming more and more active in taking part in social activities.

（5） the +比较级，the +比较级“越……越……”

The harder he studies , the greater progress he will make .

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1. 形容词一般按限定词，一般性描绘、大小、长短和高低、形状、年龄和新旧、颜色、国籍、地区和出处、物质和材料、用途和类别这一顺序来修饰名词的。

2. 在名词前出现几个形容词作定语时，常常涉及词的排列顺序问题。例如：a fat old lady不能说成an old fat lady，a small black leather handbag不能说成a leather black small handbag等。

3. 形容词的词序问题比较复杂，前置形容词的排列顺序由它们和被修饰名词之间的关系决定，关系密切的靠近被修饰词，关系较远的离之稍远。

4. 在as+形容词／副词+as的结构前可加上nearly , almost , just , quietly , half , exactly , 及倍数表示比较的程度。

例如：My income is half as high as my father .

5. 最高级前可用nearly , almost , about , next , by far , by no means 或序数词进行修饰。

例如：Of the three boys , Mike is by no means the most diligent.

6. 比较级的其他用法

1）比较级 + and + 比较级 “越来越……”。例如：

It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.

2）the more…the more… “越……，越……”。例如：

The more fruit you eat, the healthier you will be.

3）no more than “只不过，仅仅”，后面接名词或数词，起形容词作用。例如：

What he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。

4）no more…than… “和……同样不……”。例如：

He can no more play the piano than I can play basketball. 他不会弹钢琴和我同样不会打篮球一样

5）no less than “多达，竟有……之多，不下于”。例如：

There were no less than two thousand people at the match. 这场比赛不下于两千人到场观看。

6）no less…than “和……一样，不逊于”。例如：

Our monitor is no less diligent than he used to be. 我们的班长和以前一样勤奋。

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.

A. three times the size as B. the size three times of

C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of

答案为D。

【解析】检查考生对反意疑问句（附加疑问句）的掌握和运用能力。A是B的三倍通常可使用以下几种形式：

1) A is three times as adj.（原级） as B

2) A is twice adj.（比较级）than B

3) The n. of A is three times that of B

4) A is three times the +n. of B。

例2、Many students signed up for the_________ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.

A.800 metre long B.800 metres long

C.800 metre length D.800 metres length

答案为A。

【解析】长、宽、高及年龄等作定语修饰名词时位置可在前也可在后，在前边时要注意加连字符“-”，其中单位名词用单数，其形式为：数字-单位名称单数-长、宽、高等。如放在后边，不用连字符，数词大于1要用复数。从题干看：800米远的比赛应为800 meter long。

例3、At times, worrying is a normal ____ response to a difficult event or situation----a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.

A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable

答案：C

【解析】 effective有效的；individual个人的；inevitable不可避免的；unfavorable不利的。

例4、You're standing too near the camera. Can you move ________?

A. a bit far B. a little farther C. a bit of farther D. a little far

答案为B。

【解析】 too near的意思是“太近了”，说话人的意图是让对方站在比这远一点，所以要用副词的比较级。这句话的意思是：你站得太靠近镜头了。你能离远一点吗?a bit of后接名词。

例5、In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, ________. A. our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be the better

C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be

答案为C。

【解析】 “the more…the more…”的意思是“越……越……”。由于选项A、B和D的词序都不对，所以不能作为答案。这句话的意思是：近年来，旅游公司成功地向我们推销了这样一个观点：我们走得越远，我们的假期过得越好。

例6、It is generally believed that teaching is_________ it is a science.

A. an art much as B. much an art as

C. as an art much as D. as much an art as

答案为D。

【解析】在as/so…as…结构中，第一个as/so是副词，后接形容词；第二个as是连接词，后接句子。其正确语序为as much an art as. 这句话的意思是：人们普遍相信，教学像科学一样是一门艺术。

例7、Americans eat _______vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.

A. more than twice B. as twice as many

C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many

答案为D。

【解析】不论哪种形式的比较级其修饰词均应放在前面。more than twice表示数量，放在as…as结构前的意思是“是……的两倍多”。译文：美国人现在每人所吃的蔬菜是19的两倍多。

例8、-I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.

-You can never be ________ careful in the street.

A. much B. very C. so D. too

答案为D。

【解析】否定词not/no/ never + too/enough结构表示“再怎么……也不过分”或“越……越好”。这句话的意思是：在街上(骑自行车)你越小心越好。

例9、Broadly speaking , I would agree with Shirley , though not ________

A. widely B. thoroughly C. entirely D. extensively

答案为C

【解析】本题考察副词辨义，widely :广泛地，很大程度上；thoroughly彻底地，entirely完全地，extensively大量地、广阔地、巨大地。根据句意，说话人并非完全同意她的意见，not entirely（不完全地）恰如其分地表达了这一意思。

例10、-You don't look very ________. Are you ill?

-No, I'm just a bit tired.

A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy

答案为B。

【解析】从题意看，look在这里是系词(看上去，看起来)后应加形容词，四个选项的词性均符合，但good是指人品好坏或东西好坏；strong则表示结实、强壮，与题意不符。healthy“健康的，健壮的”。well可作形容词和副词。作形容词时表示“健康的；气色好”，用于修饰人。

第三节巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with _____ money and______ people.

A. less… less B. fewer...fewer C. less...fewer D. fewer...less

2. -Can I help you?

-Well, I’m afraid the box is ______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.

A. so B. much C. very D. too

3. -Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office?

-I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ______ works here. He left about three weeks ago.

A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer

4. The piano in the other shop will be ______, but ______.

A. cheaper...not as better B. more cheap...not as better

C. cheaper...not as good D. more cheap...not as good

5. ______ I went to the railway station to see my friend off.

A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner

C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner

6. Mrs. smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive

7. -How did you think of visit to the museum?

-I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was _____ than I expected.

A. far more interesting B. even much interesting

C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting

8. Those oranges taste _____.

A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well

9. Canada is larger than ______ country in Asia.

A. any B. any other C. other D. another

10. The experiment was ______ easier than we had expected.

A. more B. much more C. much D. more much

11. Which is ______ country, Canada or Australia?

A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger

12. -Will you give this message to Mr White, please?

-Sorry, I can’t. He ______.

A. doesn’t any more work here B. doesn’t any longer here work

C. doesn’t work any more here D. doesn’t work here any longer

13. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ______.

A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening

14. My elder brother is ______ a singer ______ I am.

A. no other…than B. no more…than C. not other…than D. not more…than

15. Sunlight is ______ necessary ______ fresh air to a healthy body.

A. not less…than B. no less…than C. no more…than D. not more…than

16. She doesn’t speak _____ her friend, but her written work is excellent.

A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as

17. It takes a long time to go there by train, it’s _____ by road.

A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker

18. -Mum, I think I’m _____ to get back to school.

-Not really, My dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.

A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough

19. -If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.

-OK, but do you have ______size in blue ? This one’s a bit tight for me .

A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger

20. John plays football ______, if not better than David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

21. If there were no examinations , we should have ______ at school .

A. the happiest time B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time D. a much happier time

22. We all write ______, even when there’s not much to say.

A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less

23. -Do you remember _____ he came?

-Yes I do, he came by car.

A. how B. when C. then D. if

24. Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be _____ many poor

people?

A. such...such B. such...so C. so...so D. so...such

25. -How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

-It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the ______ days at the seaside.

A. few fast sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last

26. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

27. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____.

A the better voice B. a good voice

C. the best voice D. a better voice

28. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ______.

A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily

29. Wait till you are more ______. It’s better to be sure than sorry.

A. inspired B. satisfied C. clam D. certain

30. If I had _____, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting stories.

A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday

C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough

31. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is_____ known for his plays.

A. the best B. more C. better D. the most

32. _____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave

33. It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don’t speak the language.

A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially

34. Many people have helped with canned food, however, the food bank needs ______ for the poor.

A. more B. much C. many D. most

35. I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an) ______ trick.

A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple

36. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.

A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

37. It wasn’t ______his appearance I liked ______his personality.

A. so much …as B. no less…than C. so much …as D. no more …than

38. It’s believed that ______ you work, ______ result you’ll get.

A. the harder...the better B. the more hard...the more better

C. the harder...a better D. more hard...more better

39. Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose _______ one.

A. the less expensive B. the most expensive

C. less expensive D. more expensive

40. We don’t care if a hunting dog smells ______, but we really don’t want him to smell _____.

A. well...well B. bad...bad C. well...badly D. badly...bad

41. It was ______ late to catch a bus after the party, so we called a taxi.

A. too very B. much too C. too much D. far

42. If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice.

A. good B. the best C. better D. the better

43. We waited _____ for the bus.

A. long time B. a long time C. the long time D. some long time

44. She is _____ to leave as soon as possible.

A. hurried B. anxious C. worried D. nervous

45. We are all going to the games. Why don’t you come ______?

A. up B. across C. along D. to

46. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___ she was getting.

A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest

47. -Are you satisfied with her answer?

-Not at all. It couldn’t have been _____.

A. worse B. so bad C. better D. the worst

48. Last night I had a terrible cold and ached all _____.

A. the way B. over C. at once D. the worst

49. Their cheerful voices showed that they were having a ______ discussion.

A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly

50. ______book of this writer is East and West.

A. Known to be the best B. It was the best known

C. Known as the best D. The best known

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇10：改错专项训练 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

改错专项训练(7)

Dear John ， I haven 't heard a letter from you for a long time． 1．

Why not to come to Spain ？It is a country with 2．

beautiful city．The food here is delicious．Hotels aren't 3．

expensive at all，and they are even cheaper than any places 4．

in the world．There are all kinds of shops fill of 5．

many different products．You can also go to some 6．

very old markets，which sell everything from fresh（新鲜的）7．

fruits to nice clothes．So you can go shopping there and 8．

buy that you want．Besides（此外），you can go to one 9．

of the finest beaches to swim in the blue，warm water or 10．

to take rest．If you come here，I believe you 11．

have a very exciting holiday and 12．

make your dream to come true．Please write to me 13．

soon and tell me about your decision for you 14．

first trip to Spain ．参考答案：（13）1．heard→got ／received ／had或去掉a letter。2．com e前的to去掉。 3．city→cities。4．any后加other。5．fill→full。6．√7．√8．√ 9．that→ what。10．√11．rest前加a。12．have前加will。13．come前的to去掉。 14．you→your。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇11：语法系列讲座28 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座28

So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes. 她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。 Involved in the problem are some teaching methods. 牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。

Written on the label is the model of the machine. 写在标签上的是机器的型号。 Very important in our lives is reading. 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。 Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship. 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。如： Terribly hot it certainly was. 天确实是太热了。 A very reliable person he is. 他是一个可靠的人。

（2）某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。如： Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen! 亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁！ May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归来！ May you succeed. 祝你成功。 May your country become rich and strong. 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。

（3）在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours, thus (方式状语)，so (程度状语)，in the distance, in front of (地点状语)等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装；如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。如： Often did we warn them not to do it. 我们经常警告他们别做这事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。 Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. 他不止一次帮我做实验。 Thus was the Emperor deceived. 皇帝就这样受骗了。 So busy is he that he has no time to spare. 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。 In the distance was a tall tree. 远处有一棵大树。翻译练习（地点状语放在句首，倒装）： 1)在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。 Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 2)教室的外面站着一个男孩。 Outside the classroom stood a boy.

3)农舍后面是一片稻田。 Behind the farmhouse was a rice field. 4)小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.

（4）在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构；主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。例如： “You all did well in the exam,” said the teacher. “你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。 “How is your mother?” asked her friend. “你母亲近况如何？”她的朋友问道。

“Let’s go,” suggested Mary. “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。 “Nonsense!” shouted the man. “胡说！”那个人喊道。 “Whom are you looking for?” she asked. “你找谁？”她问道。 “Yes, I’m a new student,” he answered. “对，我是新生。”他回答说。

倒装句综合练习

1．把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首： Models: The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out. (hardly) →Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out. It can’t be done in any other way. (in no other way) →In no other way can it be done. 1)They had never seen such a sight before. (never before) →Never before had they seen such a sight. 2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began. (no sooner) →No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began. 3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances. (under no circumstances) →Under no circumstances will she do such a thing. 4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated. (not until) →Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin. 5)I will on no account sign this document. (on no account) →On no account will I sign this document. 6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it. (so badly) →So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it. 7)You will succeed only by working hard. (only) →Only by working hard will you succeed. 8)He seldom takes a holiday. (seldom) →Seldom does he take a holiday. 9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money. (not only) →Not only did he advise me what to do, he also lent me the money. 10)He hardly realizes how ill he is. (hardly) →Hardly does he realize how ill he is. 11)The old man didn’t say a word. (not a word) →Not a word did the old man say. 12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking. (not a sound) →Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking. 13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy. (hardly ever) →Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy. 14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. (rarely) →Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 15)He didn’t speak to us even once. (not even once) →Not even once did he speak to us.

2．用倒装结构翻译下列句子： 1)枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。 Crack went the gun and away flew the birds. 2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。 Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers. 3)他简直没有时间玩。 Scarcely could he find time for playing. 4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。 Near our school there stands a high building. 5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。 Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself. 6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。 Hardly could she express her gratitude in words. 7)要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。 Had you arrived a little earlier, you could have caught the train. 8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。 Only after a week did she know about her father’s death. 9)他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。 Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. 10)如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。 Had you followed his advice, you would have succeeded.

it 用法小结

it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。

一、it作句子的真正主语

1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。例如： What’s this? －It is a sheep? 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? －It’s me (I). 谁？？是我。 It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。

2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。例如： What time is it? －It’s nine. 几点了？？九点了。 It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? －It’s Saturday. 今天星期几？？今天星期六。 What’s the date today? －It is October 1st. 今天是几号？？今天是十月一日。 What season is it? －It is summer. 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。

3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。例如： Is it cold in this room? －No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗？？不冷。 What’s the weather like today? －It is fine. 今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。 It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。

4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇12：改错专项训练 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

改错专项训练(6)

Mrs Smith loved flower and had a small 1．。

but nice garden．On summer，her roses（玫瑰花） 2．。

were always the best on her street．One summer 3．。

afternoon her bell rang，and w hen she went 4．。

to the front door，she saw a small boy out． 5．。

He was about seven year old，and was 6．。

holding a lot of nice roses on his hand． 7．。

“I am selling out roses，”he said．“Do you 8．。

want any ？They are quite cheaper．They 9．。

are fresh（新鲜）．I pick it this afternoon ．” 10．。

参考答案：1．flower→flowers，名词复数表类别。2．On→In，用于季节前。3．√4．√5．out→outside，意为“在外面”。6．year→years。7．on→in。8．去掉out， sell out意为“售完”，此句不表此义。9眂heaper→cheap，quite后接形容词或副词的原级。10．it→them。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇13：语法系列讲座26 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座26

It was in the library that I met Jack yesterday. 是在图书馆我昨天碰到了Jack. 原句：I met Jack in the library yesterday. It might have been on the bus that I lost my purse. 可能是在公共汽车上我丢失了钱包。原句是：I might have lost my purse on the bus. 强调地点状语，也可改为：It was on the bus that I might have lost my purse. It was under the tree that I was sitting then. 当时我正坐在那棵树下。

3．强调宾语。例如： It was Tom’s bike that she borrowed, not mine. 她借的是Tom的自行车，不是我的。 It is his dog that he’s sold, not his car. 他已卖掉的是他的狗，不是车。 It was a cat that your dog was running after. 你的狗追的是只猫。

4．强调宾语补足语：例如： It was wonderful that we considered his plan. 我们认为他的计划是绝妙的。 It is Lincoln that they named the aircraft carrier. 他们把那艘航母命名为林肯号。 It was captain that the team chose him. 那个队选他当的是队长。 It was white that Tom was painting the fence. 汤姆当时正在把篱笆涂成白色的。这句话的原句是： Tom was painting the fence white. 类似的结构有：color the sun red, color the tree green, paint the wall pink 等，这里，颜色作宾语补足语。 It is a fine player that we believe Jane. 我们相信Jane是一个出色的选手。 It is the Buckingham Palace that the British Queen’s office building is called. 英国女王的办公大楼被称作白金汉宫。 It is Cadillac that this car is named. 这辆车被命名为卡迪拉克。

二、强调谓语动词

用“助动词do ＋动词原形”来强调谓语动词。注意：谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。例如： You’re quite wrong？she does like you. 你错了，她真的喜欢你。 Do come in. 快进来。

用“助动词do ＋动词原形”来强调谓语动词。

1．强调一般现在时动词谓语：例如： I work hard. → I do work hard. She loves you. → She does love you. My father smokes a lot. → My father does smoke a lot.

2．强调一般过去时动词谓语：例如： I called you in the morning. → I did call you in the morning. I attended the meeting yesterday. → I did attend the meeting yesterday. I handed in the paper yesterday. → I did hand in the paper yesterday. He wrote a letter to me yesterday. → He did write a letter to me. He came to see you yesterday. → He did come to see you yesterday.

三、其他表示强调的方式

1．把要强调的部分放在句首：例如: That film？what do you think of it? Asleep, then, were you?

2．用某些特殊的词来表示强调，如really, certainly, definitely, very等。在口语中，such 和so 都常用于强调句。如： Thank you so much. It was such a lovely party. I really enjoyed it. This is the very book that I am looking for. 我要找的就是这本书。

练习

把下列句子改成强调句，强调黑体词部分；然后把第1－8句和第10句改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →It was Mary who gave me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →It was the day before yesterday that we went to the Great Wall.

3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →It is the bike that I want you to repair for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →It is in February that the days begin to get longer. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →It was a meeting that we held in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →It was Mr. Li that I met in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →It was after liberation that my parents began to learn to read and writed. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →It was in 1985 that I joined the party. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →It is at the gate that she will be waiting for me. 10)Li Hong and Zhang Ming cleaned the classroom this morning. →It was Li Hong and Zhang Ming who cleaned the classroom this morning.

把下列句子改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →Mary did give me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →We did go to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. 3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →I do want you to repair the bike for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →The days do begin to get longer in February. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →We did hold a meeting in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →I did meet Mr. Li in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →My parents did begin to learn to read and write after liberation. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →I did join the party in 1985. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →将来时,通过重读谓语进行强调.

倒装

英语句子的语序一般是固定的：主语在前，谓语在后，这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况：语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的，叫语法倒装；为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的，叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识，以便在写作和口语中使用，这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。

一、语法倒装 1．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装例如： Shall I open the door? 要我开门吗？ Are you cold? 你冷吗？ Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗？ Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜欢哪张画？ How are you getting along? 你目前怎么样？ When will there be lasting peace in the world? 什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平？ 2．There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。例如： There are not many people who want to read this book. 想看这本书的人不多。 There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave. 在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。 There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate. 碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。 There is going to be a change in our arrangement. 我们的安排将有一个变化。

3．当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though,可以替换。如： Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇14：改错专项训练 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

改错专项训练(5)

The big red American car was too much wide 1．

for a English country road．When Jack saw it 2．

coming towards him，he stopped own car3．

at the side of the road make room for it to 4．

pass．The American car went slowly past，so 5．

close and he could see the driver's face 6．

quite clearly．

“Where have I seen that face ago？”he 7．

thought．“Wait a minute！I remember now． 8．

It was in the new spaper！”He takes out the 9．

newspaper from his bag ，turned quick to 10．

the middle page．There was a picture of the 11．

face in it．Yes，it had a large mouth 12．

and small ears，and his eyes were after dark 13．

glasses．

“Wanted by the police，”read by Jack． 14．

“The City Bank will give a lot of moneys 15．

for anyone who helps the police to catch 16．

this man ．”

“Call the police at once．”he said to him ． 17．

And a few minutes later，he was sad． 18．

“This man was caught this morning ．”answered the police．

参考答案：

1．too much→much too。2．a→an。3．own→his own。4．make→to make。5．6．and→that。7．ago→before。8．√9．takes→took。10．quick→ quickly。11．√12．√13．after→behind。14．√15．moneys→money。16．for→ to。17．him→himself。18．And→But。

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇15：语法系列讲座23 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座23

如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。（everybody believes 是插入语） At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable. 在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。

5．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。这就是用英文写成的使用说明。 Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets? 你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗？ So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception. 就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。 6．非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who（whose, whom）和which代表人和物；例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。她的兄弟们？？两个人都在美国工作？？每个星期都给她打电话。 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd，那些公共汽车？？大多已经坐满了人？？被一群愤怒的人围着。

That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years. 那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。 Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England。板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动，我对它知之甚少。 The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。 7．关系副词（=介词+关系代词）：

关系副词先行词在从句中的作用说明

when(=at / on / in / during which) 时间名词时间状语非正式文体中，有时用that代替关系副词

where(=in / at which) 地点名词地点状语

why=(for which) 只有reason 原因状语

例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met. 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed. 雨下得不是时候。 This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents. 这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。 Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place. 这就是谋杀发生的地方。

He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired. 他没给任何解雇我的理由 This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live. 这就是我父母以前住过的房子。

注意事项：（1）在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage 在我读大学的那些年里 the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy 他不高兴的理由 The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed. 天体运行的方向是不可改变的。 He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks. 他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。

（2）是用关系代词还是用关系副词：关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词，一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分；二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year. 这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当地点状语） This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in. 这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当介词宾语，可省略。） This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year. 这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。（充当主语） This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party. 这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。（充当宾语，可省略。）

The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough. 他给的理由不够充分。（充当宾语，可省略） The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough. 他做那件事的理由不够充分。（充当原因状语）

This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。【比较：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 这是她买的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】

I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an. 我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。 That is the reason why he did not come that morning. 那就是那天上午他没来的原因。

（3）定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock. 任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。（不用will touch） I would give her anything that she asked for. 她要什么我就给她什么。（不用would ask） The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock. 第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。（不用will open） There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks. 任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。（不用will order）

但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，如：Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow. 那些明年出国受训的人员，将从明天开始学习外语。注：①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which：例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived. 爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。 This is the best film that I’ve ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。 She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived. 她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。

②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which：例：He was the first man that we saw in the village. 他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。 There is little that is interesting. 没什么令人感兴趣。

I still remember the first time that we met. 我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。 I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you. 我将尽一切可能帮助你。

Everything that can be done has been done. 能做的一切都做了。 God bless this ship and all who sail in her. 愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。 All that I can say is thank you very much. 我能说的是（千言万语变成一句话）：非常感谢你。

③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which，如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited. 我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。

We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。

④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us. 让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。 I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。

I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do. 如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。 She works in the same office as I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。

She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does. 她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。 He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。

This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样的人。

I’ve never seen such kind people as they are. 我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，

责任编辑：李芳芳