500错误原因分析和应对方法讲解

由林开夏 分享时间：2023-09-20 09:07:06 收藏本文

【简介】感谢网友“林开夏”参与投稿，以下是小编整理的500错误原因分析和应对方法讲解（共6篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。

篇1：500错误原因分析和应对方法讲解

使用国外主机有时候登陆网站的时候会出现“Internal Server Error,500 error”.通常有以下三种可能：

1.服务器资源超载

如果你没对网站文件做过什么更改的话，最有可能的是同服务器的资源超载：即同一时间内处理器有太多的进程需要处理的时候，会出现500错误，借助SSH，可以在命令行中输入以下命令查看：

ps faux
ps faux |grep username

如果你查到某个进程消耗过多资源，可以用kill命令强制关闭这个进程，只需输入该进程的进程号（Pid）：

kill -9 pid

2.文件权限设置错误

500错误还有可能是对文件设置了不正确的权限：

后台目录和文件的权限默认应该是755，而图片，文字等html文件应该是644，所以如果在刚刚上传文件后出现500错误，应该主要检查文件权限设置，

可以使用FTP软件选中所有文件，然后批量修改文件权限。

3 .htaccess文件写入错误的代码

在使用某些wordpress SEO插件的时候，插件会改写.htacess文件，如果语法错误的话就有可能造成500错误！

在.htaccess文件中，可能因为添入了一些与源文件冲突的代码。所以为了检测到错误语句，最好的方法是为语句添加注释来逐条验证。因为注释之后，语句就不再起作用。

逐条添加“#”在语句前面，如

DirectoryIndex default.html
AddType application/x-httpd-php5 php

你可以添加#到该命令前，从而实现注释效果：

DirectoryIndex default.html
#AddType application/x-httpd-php5 php

这个方法可以迅速定位错误的命令，如果你找不到错误的段落，可以尝试把所有的命令全部添上注释然后反过来逐条删除#检查错误！判断出错误语句之后，可以删掉#恢复正常！

篇2：托福阅读常见扣分原因分析和应对方法

托福阅读常见扣分原因分析和应对方法

托福阅读时间不足是普遍现象

托福阅读扣分的第一个常见原因是考试时间不足。考生来不及做题，就会引发各种扣分情况，比如文章没读完看不懂题目、做题速度太快出错、来不及做题猜答案猜错等等，这些问题归根到底都是因为时间不足而产生的。因此考生想要提升托福成绩，首先需要解决的就是答题时间的问题。

应对时间不足的方法有很多，最基础的做法是提高自己的阅读速度，考生需要提升自己读文章和理解文章的速度，保证以较快的速度看懂文章大意以便解题。而有些托福考生会选择采用边看文章边做题的方法，这其实也是有效提升做题速度缓解时间压力的一种方式。其他的比如返回定位太慢或是找不到对应内容等细节问题也有很多，考生也需要努力解决来节省答题时间。另外，大家也可以通过进行限时做题的训练来逐步提升自己对时间压力的适应能力。总而言之，托福阅读考试的时间问题是导致扣分的主要原因之一，考生如果想在阅读部分提升成绩，优先解决时间问题是很有必要的。

托福阅读词汇量不够也会造成扣分

托福考试对考生的词汇要求很高，而这个考察要求其实有很大一部分都集中在托福的阅读部分，每篇阅读文章至少3-5题的词汇题就是很好的证明。换句话说托福阅读其实有3分之1的重心是放在词汇考察上的。而除了专考词汇的阅读词汇题外，阅读文章本身也会包含大量托福生词，看不懂这些词汇也会影响到大家对文章整体和细节的了解。

考生想要避免因为词汇量不足而在阅读部分扣分，解决的方法主要有两个，一个是打好词汇基础提升托福词汇量，这个方法耗时比较久难以起到立竿见影的效果，但对于考生来说是很有必要的，另一个方法则是学习一些在看不懂词汇前提下也能理解文章甚至解题的技巧，比如猜题技巧以及绕开生词看题做题的技巧等等。通过这两种方法，托福阅读中生词对于考生的威胁会大大降低，因此产生的扣分情况也就能得到缓解了。

托福阅读最后一题正确率太低

托福阅读每篇文章的最后一题考生的得分率都是比较低的，因为这道题目难度的确是有点高，常见的6选3题型虽然只要选对两个选项就能保证至少1分，但其实要做到这一点也并非易事。特别是对那些为了赶时间而边读文章边做题的同学，因为对文章整体的理解会有所欠缺，面对最后一题往往会觉得很难做很费时间。

想要做对托福阅读的最后一题，一方面考生需要结合题型特点做针对性的训练，学习解答此类题目的技巧，比如常见的边看文章边记录段落大意的技巧就是不错的方法。另一方面考生也需要从综合得分的角度来考虑，是否要考虑直接放弃最后一题。毕竟考生如果不是为了追求阅读满分，在放弃最后一题的基础上保证其他题目的完成率和正确率，小编认为其实也是完全可以接受的一种考试策略。总而言之，最后一题的扣分还是很严重的，大家需要尽早想好应对方案。

如何打破托福阅读的迷茫期

在托福阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的(complete)。

即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位(locate)信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用(effect)。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。

我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。

关于复习的时间安排(arrangement)。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习(review)了。

复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求(requirement)，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。

无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences，Determining Purposes， Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。

如何阐述托福阅读文章意思

例题：

…Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay， glass， wood， fiber， and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function， which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function， we can divide them into simple categories： containers， shelters， and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers， shelters， and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics， which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained， supported， and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides， it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense…

The passage discusses applied-art objects in relation to all of the following EXCEPT

A. the techniques used in their construction

B. the ways they have been classified

C. their function

D. the universality of the laws that govern them

[解析]

正误判断题实际上也是在考察考生理解文章主要信息的能力，从这一点来讲是与Factual Information(事实信息题)相似的，两种题型存在的差异就在于正误判断题是要求考生从四个选项中筛选出与文章不符或文章中没有提到的信息。

仔细阅读这一段，我们发现这一段主要是在讨论1，在过去，人们常常是根据功能来区分手工艺术品的，从而产生了“applied arts(应用艺术品)”这一概念;2，从功能的角度来区分手工艺术品，可以把它们分为收纳物(container)、遮蔽物(shelter)、支撑物(support);3，应用艺术品受到laws of physics的限定，不仅限定了制作这些艺术品的材料也限定了他们所收纳的、遮蔽的、支撑的物体。这些laws是防止四海皆准的，在任何文化信仰、世界的任何地方和任何一种气候条件都是一样的。比如如果一个没有底的罐子或是一个在旁边开口的罐子，就很难被定一位是收纳物。

整个段落都没有提及建造这些艺术品所使用的技术，所以A是文章中没有提到的，为正确答案。

篇3：GRE填空常见答题错误原因分析和正确技巧讲解

1. GRE填空老是做错的第一个原因就是语法知识较弱，句子读不懂。在GRE阅读和填空中，如果缺乏语法知识，即使没有生词也难理解句意，最后答题时难以下手。所以考生也要重视语法知识的回顾。

2. 凭一己之见作为解题依据。GRE填空中所有的解题线索能且仅能来自题干本身，所以考生在做填空题的时候，切忌用题干以外的任何内容作为解题依据。简单来说就是题目说什么就选什么，不要人为添加自己的一些看法。题目哪怕说地球是方的，在解题中你也要克服吐槽本能，按照方的来思考。

3. 找不出解题线索。填空题目材料中包含的信息多样，有些较难的题目中又无明确提示解题线索的标志，必须理解句意才能确定地选出答案。这就要求考生多读书、学习、思考和积累，去了解一些背景知识。

GRE填空正确解题技巧分享

1. 从ETS官方出品的指南其实就可以看出，GRE考试官方最认可的是“先攻一点，后及其余”的做题方法，并且对攻哪一点这个顺序没有限制。所以大家在解题时也不妨遵循这个原则，找到最合适的一点入手。

2. 在做题时第一步要分清楚上下句，分号、冒号等标点或者是各种连词都是分隔上下半句的标志;第二步就是寻找上下句结构对应的部分，找到空格的线索词。

(本文观点选自腾讯教育，不代表本站立场。如有任何问题，请联系小站进行修改或删除。)

3. 不要凑合用一些部分正确或者模棱两可的答案。GRE考试的一些选项总有勉强说的过去的理由，或者多空题其中一个空是正确的。但真正的答案肯定是完全没有漏洞，并且逻辑和问题上都合理且必然的选项。

4. ETS对填空的分析比较注重代入检查、核心词以及空格和核心词的搭配。所以大家做完题目最好把答案代入句子中再读一遍进行检查。

以上就是关于GRE填空中常见错误和正确解题技巧的一些讲解和心得分享。希望各位考生能够参考上文，从中收获到一些能够帮助自身提高GRE填空得分的经验。

只要做好这3步 GRE填空高分就是这么简单

GRE填空最新备考练习题及答案

1. Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency could investors conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would provide anything more than a _____ solution to the company’s financial woes.

(A) fair

(B) temporary

(D) realistic

(E) provisional

2. The well-trained engineer must understand fields as diverse as physics, economics, geology, and sociology; thus, an overly _____ engineering curriculum should be avoided

(A) narrow

(B) innovative

(D) rigorous

(E) academic

3. Because they had expected the spacecraft Voyager 2 to be able to gather data only about the planets Jupiter and Saturn, scientists were _____the wealth of information it sent back from Neptune years after leaving Earth.

(A) anxious for

(B) confident in

(D) keen on

(E) elated by

4. Dominant interests often benefit most from _____of governmental interference in business, since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.

(A) intensification

(B) authorization

(D) improvisation

(E) elimination

5. It was her view that the country’s problems had been _____ by foreign technocrats, so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive.

(A) foreseen

(B) attacked

(D) exacerbated

(E) analyzed

6. Because they have been so dazzled by the calendars and the knowledge of astronomy possessed by the Mayan civilization, some anthropologists have _____ achievements like the sophisticated carved calendar sticks of the

Winnebago people.

(A) described

(B) acknowledged

(D) overlooked

(E) defended

7. The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens’ Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves’ kitchen so______.

(A) threatening

(B) riveting

(D) conniving

(E) fearsome

8. Regardless of what______theories of politics may propound, there is nothing that requires daily politics to be clear, thorough, and consistent—nothing, that is, that requires reality to conform to theory.

(A) neat

(B) vague

(D) casual

(E) tidy

9. Although normally _____, Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting.

(A) diffident

(B) unassertive

(D) facetious

(E) presumptuous

答案：BCEEEDBEA

GRE填空最新备考练习

1. Although normally _____, Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting.

(A) diffident

(B) unassertive

(D) facetious

(E) presumptuous

2. The well-trained engineer must understand fields as diverse as physics, economics, geology, and sociology; thus, an overly _____ engineering curriculum should be avoided

(A) narrow

(B) innovative

(D) rigorous

(E) academic

3. Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency could investors conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would provide anything more than a _____ solution to the company’s financial woes.

(A) fair

(B) temporary

(D) realistic

(E) provisional

4. The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens’ Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves’ kitchen so______.

(A) threatening

(B) riveting

(D) conniving

(E) fearsome

5. It was her view that the country’s problems had been _____ by foreign technocrats, so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive.

(A) foreseen

(B) attacked

(D) exacerbated

(E) analyzed

Winnebago people.

(A) described

(B) acknowledged

(D) overlooked

(E) defended

7. Regardless of what______theories of politics may propound, there is nothing that requires daily politics to be clear, thorough, and consistent—nothing, that is, that requires reality to conform to theory.

(A) neat

(B) vague

(D) casual

(E) tidy

8. Dominant interests often benefit most from _____of governmental interference in business, since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.

(A) intensification

(B) authorization

(D) improvisation

(E) elimination

9. Because they had expected the spacecraft Voyager 2 to be able to gather data only about the planets Jupiter and Saturn, scientists were _____the wealth of information it sent back from Neptune years after leaving Earth.

(A) anxious for

(B) confident in

(D) keen on

(E) elated by

答案：ACBBEDEEE

GRE填空最新备考练习题及答案

1. Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers _____ his works.

(A) praise

(B) revile

(D) scrutinize

(E) criticize

解析：

passage: n.(时间的)消逝，推移

soften: v.1.使变软，使软化，使缓和 2.使变暗，使变轻，使变淡 3.减轻，削弱

hostile: a.1.敌方的 2.怀敌意的，不友善的，不利的

revile: v.辱骂，痛斥

scrutinize: v.详细检查(观察)，细看

翻译：尽管多年的岁月流逝已减缓了最初人们对他诗歌充满敌意的反应，但即使在目前,只有为数不多的独立观察家赞誉他的作品。

2. The natural balance between prey and predator has been increasingly______, most frequently by human intervention.

(A) celebrated

(B) predicted

(D) disturbed

(E) questioned

3. Foucault’s rejection of the concept of continuity in Western thought, though radical, was not unique; he had _____ in the United States who, without knowledge of his work, developed parallel ideas.

(A) critics

(B) counterparts

(D) disciples

(E) readers

4. There is perhaps some truth in that waggish old definition of a scholar—a siren that calls attention to a fog without doing anything to______it.

(A) describe

(B) cause

(D) dispel

(E) dissipate

5. Calculus, though still indispensable to science and technology, is no longer _____; it has an equal partner called discrete mathematics.

(A) preeminent

(B) pertinent

(D) essential

(E) pragmatic

6. While nurturing parents can compensate for adversity, cold or inconsistent parents may _____it.

(A) exacerbate

(B) neutralize

(D) eradicate

(E) ameliorate

7.Aptly enough, this work so imbued with the notion of changing times and styles has been constantly _____ over the years, thereby reflecting its own mutability.

(A) appreciated

(B) emulated

(D) criticized

(E) reprinted

答案 ADBDAAE

篇4：掉头发的原因和应对方法

1、精神性压力导致的内分泌失调

生活、工作、学习过程中精神压力过大，精神紧张，经常熬夜等原因，导致我们休息时间减少，失眠焦虑，使人长期处于精神失调状态。这样会导致内分泌失调，造成体内环境恶化，身体营养不良，毛囊缺乏营养萎缩最终头发从发根脱落。

2、物理性和化学性脱发

长期接触放射源，长时间玩电脑手机，看电视等原因造成的物理性脱发。使用劣质的洗发水，刺激性的染发剂，经常染发烫发，做造型，对发质伤害尤其严重!请注意!还有长时间不洗头，导致毛囊孔堵塞，形成脱发。

3、身体疾病

身体受病毒，高热对毛母细胞有损伤，抑制了毛母细胞正常分裂，使毛囊处于休克状态而导致脱发，如急性传染病、长期服用某种药物等。众所周知，化疗的过程中，会大量脱发，甚至掉成光头都有可能。另外过度肥胖，虽然不是严格意义上的身体疾病，但是也会导致毛母细胞赌赛，导致营养不良脱发。同样道理，过度减肥就不用说了，肯定会导致身体营养不良，希望大家以身体健康为重。

很多的事情都是会导致头发掉落的，除了以上的这些之外，要是经常的染发而医生会导致掉发的。而且人们一定要注意头发的护理，多吃一些水果和五谷杂粮这些富含维生素的食物，给头发一些营养，自己也要有好的心情，这样才会拥有使人羡慕的头发。

篇5：掉头发的原因和应对方法

缓解压力

树立正确的人生观，淡泊名利，保持心情舒畅，精神愉悦。即使工作、学习压力再大，也要做到劳逸结合、有张有弛，不能让大脑和心情象一根琴弦总是绷着，放松的时候做一些自己喜欢做的事情，让自己的心态平和起来，缓解压力。

小贴士：听听轻音乐、做做运动也是缓解压力的好方法。

改良习惯

不熬夜，不频繁去夜场活动，养成早睡早起身体好的睡眠习惯，保证每天都有6小时以上的充足睡眠;不抽烟、不酗酒、少喝饮料、多喝水，促进人体正常的新陈代谢。

小贴士：如果失眠的话，睡前喝点牛奶也有助于睡眠哦。

正确护理

正确护理好你的头发，适度的洗发、烫发，洗发时不仅要注意水温，而且还要用指肚按摩头皮毛囊，促进毛发的生长。

小贴士：烫发建议一般半年一次，且烫的时间也不宜过长。

食物疗法

通过多吃铁质、碘质、维生素E、植物蛋白等含量丰富的食品(主要包括主要有黄豆、黑豆、花生、黑芝麻、胡萝卜、马铃薯、菠菜、莴苣、卷心菜、蛋类、虾、鲤鱼、带鱼、海带、紫菜、牡蛎、香蕉等)，通过食疗促进头发营养的吸收。

小贴士：少吃肝脏、肉类、洋葱等酸性物质偏高的食品

篇6：雅思阅读时间不够的原因分析以及应对方法

雅思阅读时间不够的原因分析以及应对方法

雅思阅读的时间不够主要源于两个方面：一是文章太长，二是题目涉及的信息点位置分散。对于第一个问题，需要在平时的备考过程中加强训练。

这里面主要有两个问题，一是阅读速度慢，二是生单词阻碍了阅读的进度。阅读速度慢的问题只有通过大量阅读来解决。实际上，如果每天给自己一个规定的时间，在这一时间内要求自己必须完成一定字数的阅读，这样天天练习，阅读速度慢慢就会提高。很多时候，阅读的速度不够快和大脑接受英语信息的速度有关系，当大脑需要将英语翻译成汉语才能接受的时候，速度自然就慢了。

因此，就需要平时养成英语的思维习惯，比较可行的办法是自己在心里对着自己说话，碰到任何一件有意思的事情，就在心里默默地用英语描述。除此以外，也可以找一份与雅思阅读难度相当的英语材料，每天大声快速的朗读，以此来训练自己快速接受英语信息的能力。

应对生单词，则要有两手准备：一是平时阅读的时候多积累单词、看见不认识的单词，当时就记录下来并且反复复习;二是在考试中如果遇到了生词，不要慌张，一般而言都不影响理解，将它当作一个认识的单词就好，或者直接跳过去也未尝不可。但是有时会有关键词不认识的情况，所以，解决这个问题根本还是在平日的积累。

关于题目涉及信息分散的问题，主要通过做题技巧来弥补。通过浏览文章之后，我们在心里应该对文章什么部分讲什么有了一个大概的印象。这种“印象”是做题速度的根本保证。在这个基础上，要掌握一些基本的技巧。首先，雅思的阅读题的顺序通常是与文章相对应的，就是说，前面的题目对应文章的前几段，后面的题目对应文章的后几段，有一定的对应关系，这样，在寻找信息的时候就更能有的放矢，不至于满篇乱找。

其次，雅思的阅读题中，比较容易出问题的可能是判断题和段落信息匹配题。判断题要坚持一个基本原则，那就是文章中没有提到的坚决是NOT GIVEN。中国人的思维习惯，认为有所提及，但是没有说到，应该判断为错(FALSE或者NO)，但是，在雅思考试当中，就算文章所说内容与题目有关，但没有出现关键词，也不能认为对。

例如2010年9月11日雅思A类考试第三篇文章，判断题中说行星上面可能有水，原文说的是行星被氢气层所环绕。看起来二者相关，但是答案应该是NOT GIVEN，因为并没有提到跟水有关的东西，而题目所陈述的是跟水相关的情况。至于段落信息匹配题，就一定要找出关键词，并和原文进行比对。对于相似的信息，就需要在信息之间首先加以比较，找出分歧的地方，再到文章中去找。这样，就能很容易地找出信息所在段落了

全新雅思阅读全真模考题:致命波动性

Volatility Kills

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades.

“In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher.

The prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes.

Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest of the world, even other developing nations such India and China.

Collier find that bad governance is the main reason countries fail to take advantage of the revenue bonanza that results from a boom. Moreover, a democratic government, he adds, often makes the aftermath of a boom worse. “Instead of democracy disciplining governments to manage these resource booms well, what happens is that the resource revenues corrupt the normal functioning of democracy—unless you stop (them from) corrupting the normal function of democracy with sufficient checks and balances”, he said at a talk in January at the Carnegie Council in New York City.

Collier advocates that African nations institute an array of standards and codes to bolster governments, one of which would substitute auctions for bribes in apportioning mineral rights and another of which would tax export revenues adequately. He cites the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which took in $200 million from mineral exports in 2006 yet collected only $86,000 in royalties for its treasury. “If a nation gets these points right,” he argues, “it's going to develop. If it gets them wrong, it won't.”

To encourage reform, Collier recommends that the G8 nations agree to accept these measures as voluntary guidelines for multinationals doing business in Africa— companies, for instance, would only enter new contracts through auctions monitored by an international verification group. Such an agreement would follow the examples of the so-called Kimberley Process, which has effectively undercut the trade in blood diamonds, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in which a government must report to its citizens the revenues it receives from sales of natural resources.

These measures, he says, are more important than elevating aid levels, an approach emphasized by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University and celebrity activists such as Bono. Collier insists that first Angola receives tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and whether it gets a few hundred million more or less in aid is really second-order.

Questions 1-4

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

A Jeffrey D. Sachs

B Paul Collier

C Jorge Arbache

1. An unexpectedly opposite result

2. Estimated more productive outcomes if it were not for sudden economic downturns

3. A proposal for a range of recommended instructions for certain countries to narrow the widening economic gap

4. An advocate for a method used for a specific assessment

Questions 5-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5. The instability in economy in some African countries might negatively impact their continuing growth after a certain level has been reached.

6. Collier is the most influential scholar on the study of volatility problem.

7. Certain African governments levy considerable taxes on people profiting greatly from exportation.

8. Some African nations' decisions on addressing specific existing problems are directly related to the future of their economic trends.

9. Collier regards Jeffrey D. Sachs' recommended way of evaluating of little importance.

Questions 10-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

According to one research carried by the World Bank, some countries in Africa may suffer from 10 due to the lack of according preconditions. They experienced a growth stimulated by 11 , but according to another study, they may not keep this trend stable because they don't have 12 which would attract investors. To some countries with abundant resources this fast-growth period might even mean something devastating to their endeavor. During one specific decade accompanied by 13 as a matter of fact, the governing saw a deterioration.